If all you know about police in Southern California comes from Hollywood and the news you'd be forgiven for thinking there was only one police department in the Los Angeles area: the LAPD. But you'd be wrong.
Dozens of departments patrol L.A. County, from the giant L.A. County Sheriff's Department with its thousands of deputies to the tiny Sierra Madre PD, whose 16 full-time officers might have a hard time holding back a mob at city hall.
Let's learn about local law enforcement.
The Los Angeles Sheriff's Department (LASD)
But that's not all.
There are 45 smaller police departments in the county. Long Beach, Santa Monica, Inglewood and Pasadena are among the cities that have their own police agencies.
But wait. There's more. Every Cal State University has one. And UCLA. There's the CHP, FBI, DEA, ATF. Also the state Department of Justice has men and women with badges and guns going after lawbreakers.
The 2014 fatal police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, spurred widespread protests and an examination of how minorities — particularly black men — are treated by authorities.
Leaders at virtually every law enforcement department say officers are already taught at training academies how to calm themselves and suspects during a confrontation. But after Ferguson, the LAPD ordered the entire department to undergo additional de-escalation training.
For example, the LAPD's "Force Option Simulator" — an interactive computer program used for training — now presents officers with fewer scenarios that require them to use deadly force, and more that require them to use de-escalation tactics.
The L.A. police commission also enacted a new de-escalation policy. That reads: "Officers shall attempt to control an incident by using time, distance, communications and available resources in an effort to de-escalate the situation, whenever it is safe and reasonable to do so."
If an officer doesn't follow this policy in the lead up to a shooting or other use of force, he can be subject to discipline.
There have been changes at the sheriff's department too.
Under a settlement agreement to reduce use of force at the jails, the sheriff's department agreed to provide 32 hours of de-escalation training to deputies who work inside the county's seven lock-ups.
The department also agreed to provide an additional eight hours of training every other year.
Sheriff Jim McDonnell also has said his top commanders consider whether a deputy could have de-escalated a confrontation when evaluating any use of force, including shootings.
First, the lingo. Many law enforcement agencies have formed what they call "co-response units" to deal with people who exhibit signs of mental health problems.
Those units consist of one police officer or sheriff's deputy and one mental health clinician.
According to the L.A. County Department of Mental Health, all but six cities have co-response units that include one police officer or sheriff's deputy and one mental health clinician (the outliers: La Verne, San Fernando, Beverly Hills, Claremont, El Segundo and Palos Verdes).
These teams are part of an effort to divert people with mental health issues towards services they need, rather than into the criminal justice system.
Many police departments share clinicians. For example, in the southeastern part of the county, the cities of Bell, Bell Gardens, Downey, Huntington Park, Southgate, Signal Hill and Vernon share four clinicians.
In all, there are 104 co-response units throughout the county, including 32 at the LAPD and around 20 at the sheriff's department.
The LAPD also has eight case managers who try to line up services for people with mental illnesses who have interacted with officers.
It may sound obvious, but you really do have the right to remain silent - whether you're being questioned about a crime or what you had for breakfast.
Of course if an officer is asking you whether you saw the stop sign you just blew through, it may be better to just answer. Police can make your life difficult if they feel like you're being a jerk.
But if you want to remain silent, you should say so out loud.
And if you're under arrest, of course you have the right to talk to an attorney first.
If police initially just want to talk with you, they're allowed to conduct a "pat down" of your clothing if they suspect you might have a weapon.
But you can refuse any further search of your backpack, your car or your home if they haven't arrested you.
Remember, if you agree to a search, anything they find can be used against you.
If you're unsure of what's going on, ask if you're under arrest or have been detained.
If you're not under arrest, you have the right to leave.
If you're stopped as a pedestrian or as a driver, remain calm and keep your hands where officers can see them.
If the feds come calling, they may ask you to come to the office for an interview.
You may refuse.
If you agree to talk to the FBI, DEA or the Department of Homeland Security, the ACLU suggests you have a lawyer present.
The civil rights group also says if you want to avoid a "fishing expedition" into your life, you can say you'll answer questions on a specific topic.
Some of this information is widely available but the ACLU website has a very handy "know your rights" page.
First and foremost, regardless of whether you're arrested, do not interfere or obstruct what officers are doing.
Police can demand wide leeway when conducting an investigation, and if you start yelling at them or demanding to speak to your sister who's being detained, they could deem that as obstructing their work and arrest you.
Also, don't lie.
Giving false information to a police officer is a misdemeanor in California, punishable by up to six months in jail and a $1,000 fine.
The feds take lying to the FBI or any other federal agent more seriously. That's a felony punishable by up to five years in prison.
Finally, it's a good idea to remember as many details from an interaction with police and jot them down afterwards - in case there are questions about how you or they behaved.
There are always gray areas.
Policing often is about discretion.
A cop doesn't have to give you a ticket. Or tow your car. Or even file a report.
You can videotape, photograph or otherwise record anything you can see from public spaces, including sidewalks or, in many cases, widely-visited tourist attractions — unless photography is specifically prohibited.
And California courts have decided police cannot have an expectation of privacy while on duty and in public.
Of course, officers generally don't like to be videotaped on the job — just like most of us.
So it's best to give them space to work as opposed to sticking the camera in their face. That could also be considered obstructing their work and you could be arrested.
The ACLU's Southern California chapter says police interference with photographers and videographers exercising their First Amendment rights remains a problem:
"Unfortunately, there is a widespread, continuing pattern of law enforcement officers ordering people to stop taking photographs from public places, and harassing, detaining and arresting those who fail to comply," the organization states.
Again, because there are so many police departments in L.A., your experience may vary greatly depending on who's enforcing the law in a particular neighborhood.
The ACLU suggests that if you're detained for recording police, ask which crime you committed and politely remind them the First Amendment allows freedom of speech, including recording police.
They're not allowed to search the contents of your camera without your permission. Clearly state that you do not consent to the search.
The police may legally seize your camera only if they have a "reasonable, good faith belief" that it contains evidence of a crime.
They may not delete the images.
If it's the LAPD, you can file your complaint in person to a sergeant or another supervisor at any station around the city or at the police commission's offices inside headquarters on First Street in downtown L.A.
Complaint forms are available online and at city council offices. You may also file electronically or by regular mail, or call the department's complaint hotline: 800-339-6868.
The department also has a dispute resolution process where the officer and the complainant can sit with a mediator to work out their differences.
If you believe the officer's conduct was egregious — you were injured or you were unlawfully detained for a long period of time — you may want to hire a lawyer.
If you're complaining about a sheriff's deputy, you can also use the telephone. Call 800-698-TALK. You can also call or write any sheriff's station and ask for the Watch Commander. Here's the sheriff's form.
